Work-integrated learning (WIL) supervisors and non- supervisors of allied health professional students

Introduction: This study sought to characterise the allied health professional (AHP) workforce of the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, in order to understand the influence of student supervision on workload, job satisfaction, and recruitment and retention. Methods: The national Rural Allied Health Workforce Study survey was adapted for the NT context and distributed through local AHP networks. Valid responses (n=179) representing 16 professions were collated and categorised into ‘supervisor’ and ‘nonsupervisor’ groups for further analysis. Results: The NT AHP workforce is predominantly female, non-Indigenous, raised in an urban environment, trained outside the NT, now concentrated in the capital city, and principally engaged in individual patient care. Allied health professionals cited income and type of work or clientele as the most frequent factors for attraction to their current positions. While 62% provided student supervision, only half reported having training in mentoring or supervision. Supervising students accounted for an estimated 9% of workload. Almost 30% of existing supervisors and 33% of non-supervising survey respondents expressed an interest in greater supervisory responsibilities. Despite indicating high satisfaction with their current positions, 67% of respondents reported an intention to leave their jobs in less than 5 years. Student supervision was not linked to perceived job satisfaction; however, this study found that professionals who were engaged in student supervision were significantly more likely to report intention to stay in their current jobs (>5 years; p<0.05).

Introduction: This study sought to characterise the allied health professional (AHP) workforce of the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, in order to understand the influence of student supervision on workload, job satisfaction, and recruitment and retention.Methods: The national Rural Allied Health Workforce Study survey was adapted for the NT context and distributed through local AHP networks.Valid responses (n=179) representing 16 professions were collated and categorised into 'supervisor' and 'nonsupervisor' groups for further analysis.Results: The NT AHP workforce is predominantly female, non-Indigenous, raised in an urban environment, trained outside the NT, now concentrated in the capital city, and principally engaged in individual patient care.Allied health professionals cited income and type of work or clientele as the most frequent factors for attraction to their current positions.While 62% provided student supervision, only half reported having training in mentoring or supervision.Supervising students accounted for an estimated 9% of workload.Almost 30% of existing supervisors and 33% of non-supervising survey respondents expressed an interest in greater supervisory responsibilities.Despite indicating high satisfaction with their current positions, 67% of respondents reported an intention to leave their jobs in less than 5 years.Student supervision was not linked to perceived job satisfaction; however, this study found that professionals who were engaged in student supervision were significantly more likely to report intention to stay in their current jobs (>5 years; p<0.05).

Introduction
The Northern Territory (NT) provides a fascinating setting for learning in allied health practice, and each year students from universities all over Australia undertake placements in allied health workplaces here.These placements occur under the umbrella of work-integrated-learning (WIL), which are university learning activities that bridge formal classroom learning with professional practice and are often workplacebased 1 .Work-integrated-learning placements are a universal part of allied health professional (AHP) preparation programs, and are known to positively influence career choices and the recruitment of health professional students to rural and remote sites [2][3][4] .This recruitment strategy is often employed in the NT where allied health workforce shortages are problematic.A link between student supervision and increased job satisfaction, professional development, and retention of rural allied health professionals in the workforce has also been shown and is relevant to workforce and service delivery planning [5][6][7] .
Work-integrated-learning placement programs are, nevertheless, resource-intensive and place demands on healthcare organisations that are often under-resourced and stretched to capacity 8 .Logistically, remote placements are complicated, expensive, and require high staff to student ratios to ensure quality and safety [9][10][11][12] .These issues compound the social and psychological challenges of geographic isolation, transient workforce, and disease-burdened populations experienced by potential supervisors working in remote settings 3 .Although student WIL programs are crucial for the perpetuation of the workforce, the viability of WIL programs is dependent on the capacity and willingness of healthcare organisations and staff to provide supervision.
Information regarding the demographics, qualifications, career motivations, and teaching workloads of AHPs in the NT is limited and out-of-date 13,14 .This research project was motivated by the need to characterise the AHP workforce, and in particular, better understand its capacity for student supervision to inform planning, implementation, and improvement of remote WIL programs.This study sought to identify the characteristics of NT AHPs and their participation in, and capacity for the supervision of students in the workplace.Allied health professionals' satisfaction, motivations, and career intentions were also investigated.

Methods
Under the recommendation of Services for Australian Rural and Remote Allied Health (SARRAH), a national study of the AHP workforce was initiated through the University Departments of Rural Health (Rural Allied Health Workforce Survey, RAHWS) 15 .The RAHWS survey instrument was revised (available on request) to suit the NT context, integrating NT Department of Health and Families data priorities and key student supervision considerations.Piloting of the adapted survey ensured that relevant local information was captured.
The allied health professions eligible for this study were based on the 'Framework for the Classification of the Allied Health Workforce' 16 which defines rural and remote allied health and categorises the professions based on qualification/skills level and direct impact on the health outcomes of consumers.This study included non-medical and non-nursing health professions that provide direct therapeutic and diagnostic health services across the NT.
All NT AHPs who met the inclusion criteria above were invited to participate.Online (SurveyMonkey; www.survey monkey.com)and hardcopy surveys were distributed over a 3 month period (2008/2009) using overlapping recruitment strategies (eg respondents may have received multiple invitations to participate) to ensure maximum coverage of the dispersed and transient target population.Strategies included email distribution through key professional contacts within the Department of Health and Families, professional associations and directories.Snowball recruitment was encouraged.
Responses were entered into a secure electronic database either directly (electronic submissions) or manually (from hard copy).Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS v17 (www.spss.com)and Microsoft Excel 2007.Analysis excluded cases where data were incomplete or unintelligible.Missing data were imputed from existing data and a 'no response' category included where appropriate.Demographic, professional, and training factors were compared using χ2 and ANOVA tests, as appropriate.The Shapiro-Wilks test was used to evaluate skew within a sample.

Ethics approval
Ethics approval was obtained from the Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University (#HREC-07/87).

Results
After data cleaning the final sample size (n) was 179.This represents an estimated acceptable 40% response rate.For the purposes of this article, the sample was divided into two categories (supervisors/non-supervisors) based on their (Yes/No) response to the question: 'Do you participate in the supervision of students on professional placements in your workplace?'The distribution of respondents across professions and the percentage who supervised is shown (Table 1).

Demographics & participation in supervision
Eighty-four percent of the AHPs in this study were Australian-born; 97% had Australian citizenship, and 80% were female.The average age of respondents was 40.2 years with a range of 23-68 years (SD 11) and significant positive skew (0.947; p<0.05).Most reported having grown up in a capital city or large metropolitan area (73%), while 20% claimed rural and 7% remote upbringing.Only 2% reported being of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent (NT Indigenous population, 2006: 30% 17 ).Only 6% of respondents had obtained their allied health qualification in the NT, and 8% were trained in a country other than Australia.
In the 12 months prior to the study 62% of the sample had supervised students; the median proportion of supervisors in each profession was 60% (Table 1).Supervisors, who were on average 41.6 years of age, were slightly older than nonsupervisors (p<0.05,3.41 years mean difference).Female and male AHPs in the NT were equally likely to have supervised students.

Workplace & experience
The allied health workforce was concentrated in the capital city, as evidenced by the majority of respondents (67%) reporting working in ASGC R3 (Outer Regional; Table 2) 18 .Most respondents (70%) worked in the public sector (25% private, 5% non-government organisations [NGOs]).Supervisors were similarly distributed across sectors (77% public, 20% private, 3% NGOs).Neither of the two supervisors who worked primarily in an RA5-Very Remote region were public sector employees.Years of experience is shown (Fig1).Overall, respondents reported an average of 14.2 years experience in their profession (SD 10), and 6.7 years in their current positions (SD 6).Experience was positively skewed towards fewer years of experience (0.749, p >0.05) with a quarter of respondents having 5 years or less experience.Supervisors had an average of 15.2 years experience, higher than nonsupervisors (12.1 years; p<0.1).There was no measurable difference between groups in 'time worked in current position'.
Respondents' work-time was divided across multiple organisational roles: individual patient clinical care (40%), clinical services management tasks (17%), teaching and training (12%), non-individual clinical care (10%), research related activities or travel (6%), travel linked to management or care (5%), or other duties (10%).Organisational roles and time distribution for supervisors are shown (Fig2A), as is their satisfaction with the amount of teaching responsibilities (Fig2B).
Supervisors and non-supervisors were equally likely to always or often work in a sole practice environment (38%, Table 3).Supervisors, however, tended to be more likely to report working unpaid overtime (p<0.1), and were more likely to have had training in supervising or mentoring students (p=0.05).

Student supervision responsibilities
The supervisors reported supervising 247 students from 18 universities in the previous 12 months.Ninety-two per cent of supervisors reported teaching students at the undergraduate level across a range of disciplines (Table 4) for placements of 2 days or longer.The majority (60%) reported sharing the supervision with another supervisor.Half of the supervisors surveyed were satisfied with the amount of supervisory responsibility they had (Fig2B).Almost 30% of supervisors would have liked to do more teaching while 33% of non-supervisors responded that they would like more supervision responsibilities.Supervisors estimated that they allocated 9% of their weekly work time to teaching or supervising.Half of the supervisors reported having had training in supervision or mentoring; of the supervisors who had not received training, 67% reported a need for training.Supervisors and non-supervisors were equally likely to report a need for supervisor/mentor training.Half of the supervisors surveyed were satisfied with the amount of supervisory responsibility they had (Fig2B).Almost 30% of supervisors would have liked to do more teaching while 33% of non-supervisors responded that they would like more supervision responsibilities.Supervisors estimated that they allocated 9% of their weekly work time to teaching or supervising.Half of the supervisors reported having had training in supervision or mentoring; of the supervisors who had not received training, 67% reported a need for training.Supervisors and non-supervisors were equally likely to report a need for supervisor/mentor training.

Career motivation and intentions
Income, type of work, and work-life balance were the most frequently selected factors attracting AHPs to their current positions (Fig3).Housing affordability was least frequently selected.
Supervisors and non-supervisors were equally likely to have received a promotion (40% Yes) or salary increase (34% Yes) in their current jobs.Only 22% worked with an aide or therapy assistant.As is shown (Table 5), the majority of AHPs reported having more than 5 days of continuing professional development (CPD) training in the previous 10 months (responses were similar between supervisors and non-supervisors).University or University Department of Rural Health was most commonly listed as the provider of CPD programs.
Seventy-nine percent of the whole sample reported that they were 'Satisfied' or 'Extremely Satisfied' in their current roles.Of the 131 professionals who reported high job satisfaction, 79 (60%) had supervisory responsibilities; however, student supervision was not correlated to job satisfaction in this study.Eighty-one percent of supervisors and 76% of non-supervisors reported being satisfied or extremely satisfied in their current positions (Table 6).Almost half of respondents (8/17) who had < 5 years experience and did not currently supervise students indicated they would have liked to have more student supervisory responsibilities.
The majority (67.5%) of AHPs in the sample reported an intention to leave their current positions in 5 years or less.Notably, those who had student supervision responsibilities were significantly less likely to report an intention to leave than non-supervisors (p<0.01).Of the non-supervisor cohort, 77% reported an intention to leave in 5 years or less.
Both supervisors and non-supervisors most commonly cited 'family reasons' as the motivator for leaving; other reasons are listed (Table 7; respondents were able to select more than one reason for leaving).
A strong relationship was identified between lower job satisfaction and intention to leave in the short-term (Fig4).The AHPs who were satisfied or extremely satisfied with their jobs were significantly less likely to report an intention to leave within 5 years (p<0.05).

Discussion
This study is the most recent and comprehensive analysis of the AHP workforce in the NT 13,14 .The data help characterise the workforce, their capacity and preparation for student supervision, and career motivations.This study describes a workforce that is predominantly female, Australian trained (although not in the NT), middle working-age, with significant (>14 years) professional experience.Northern Territory AHPs are, on average, younger and less experienced than in allied health workforces elsewhere in Australia 19,20 .Experience was positively skewed toward fewer years, with half of the sample reporting having less than 11 years experience, and almost a quarter having less than 5 years.This study shows that most professionals supervise students but require more training in supervision, and -of significant concern -a high proportion of the workforce intends to leave their current positions in the near future.These findings support the argument for greater resourcing and efforts toward training and retaining AHPs who supervise students in remote workplaces.The finding that only 6% of the total sample had undertaken their allied health qualification in the NT illuminates an important factor affecting recruitment.Most of the allied health training courses are not available in the NT.Residents move interstate to obtain their qualification and potentially form relationships and networks that prevent them from returning to the NT.Likewise, NT workforce planners have to rely on the AHP workforce of other states for sufficient AHPs.
The lack of local training AHP courses also has a potential negative impact particularly on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, who are underrepresented in the NT AHP workforce relative to population.While minority health professionals are far more likely than others to locate their practice in areas where they serve minority patient populations, research has shown that they are also more likely to provide culturally competent care 21,22 .Successful recruitment of Indigenous people into the allied health professions should be prioritized by allied health training programs nationally, and must be a key consideration in the development of local programs in the NT.
The challenge of recruiting professionals to the NT has significant implications for workforce planning and the retention of professionals, as noted elsewhere 23 .Based on the present data, AHPs are attracted to the NT by the promise of interesting work, good pay and opportunities for career advancement, as well as a high quality of life (work-life balance) in a favourable climate.In response to the question 'what attracted you to your current position', most respondents cited 'income' and/or 'type of work'; however, further qualitative investigation is needed to explain the 'type of work' that attracts AHPs.Free text responses to this question included reference to the adventure and excitement anticipated in working in the NT and the opportunities for cross-cultural experiences.A caveat on using novelty as a recruitment motivator is sounded by Hall et al, who found unintended consequences when recruitment was based on adventure: the retention rate was less than 5 years 24 .In light of the significant cost of recruitment 25 , strategies should target professionals who are more likely to stay.
The present findings about recruitment vary from the trend in published literature, which cites social reasons (eg proximity to family) as a predominant recruitment factor of health professionals, to a rural site 26,27 .The explanation for this difference may lie in the fact that most of the professionals in the present study were trained -and likely have social ties -outside the NT, a factor which the authors propose then reduces their length of stay.The notion that social ties impact retention has been proposed previously by Hall et al 24 , who noted that retention is improved when local communities take a role in integrating and supporting new recruits.
Earlier studies have shown a strong relationship between lower job satisfaction and turnover of health workforce 28 ; similarly, it was found that professionals who expressed dissatisfaction with their current roles intended to leave within 5 years.In the NT, three factors combine to form a stressful work environment: the population is small and dispersed over a wide geographical area; the population carries a disproportionate disease burden 29 ; and the NT has the lowest AHPs to population ratio in Australia 30 .The present sample was predominantly Darwin-based (ASGC RA 3 18 ); thus, service delivery to remote communities required extensive time in travel, and a substantial amount of sole practice.The professional context observed fits Wakerman's definition of remote practice: '…characterised by geographical, professional and, often, social isolation of practitioners; a strong multidisciplinary approach; [and] overlapping and changing roles of team members' (p210) 31 .
Although the challenges of the work environment were evident and a link was found between satisfaction and turnover, few respondents in the present study cited job dissatisfaction as the key driver of their intention to leave.
In the present study, retention was linked to performing student supervision because supervisors were less likely to report an intention to leave their current position compared with non-supervisors.Interestingly, fewer years experience did not appear to deter an interest in supervision.
The majority of professionals in the present sample had supervision and training roles for students on WIL placements.Most participants responded that their time commitment to the role was 'just right' or that they would like a greater supervision role; however, they also identified a need for training.This highlights the importance of nurturing constructive university-workplace relations and the regular provision of supervision training

Study limitations
The response rate for the survey was estimated to be 40%.High workload in the sample population, or concerns about maintaining anonymity due to small workforce numbers may have precluded a higher response rate.Pharmacy, social work and psychology were the most difficult professions to quantify, due to factors including employment outside of the health sector, a less well-networked professional structure, potential inaccuracies in registration board listings, and low use of email in workplaces.Nevertheless, the authors are confident that representative sampling was achieved, that the survey design limited the risk of discovery failure, and that the results are of importance to workforce planning.

Conclusions
Work-integrated learning placements in the NT must be supported as part of recruitment and retention strategies for the allied health workforce.It has been argued that offering student placements in the NT will provide a pipeline of professionals who understand the unique health service requirements of the NT.However, the finding of widespread intentions to leave current positions suggests the retention of professionals who can provide student training is a significant concern.In addition, these results illuminate the need for increased professional development for supervisors.
Comprehensive, targeted support programs should be aimed at reducing professional workload and increasing training, recognition, and remuneration for supervising students.Such programs may help stem the skills drain, and improve the preparedness of future remote AHPs.Based on the study findings and the authors' previous work, models of supervisor recruitment and support should focus on professionals not currently teaching, complemented with strategies to overturn the perception that supervision equates to workload overburdening, and mechanisms to develop supportive networks that encourage retention.In addition, higher level responsibility and support for student supervision in workplaces is required, ideally from directors and senior managers, ensuring that student supervision is incorporated into core business and strategic planning.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Years of experience (imputed from: years since qualifying in profession).

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: A. Supervisors' distribution of time in organisational roles; B. Satisfaction with the amount of teaching responsibilities over last 12 months.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Factors that attracted allied health professionals to current positions.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Correlation between job satisfaction and reported intention to leave current job.

Table 1 :
Distribution of respondents across professions, role in supervision, and portion trained locally NT, Northern Territory.

Table 2 :
Geographic and workplace sector distribution of supervisors and non-supervisors

Table 3 :
Comparison of respondents on sole practice, workload, overtime and supervision training

Table 4 :
Reported number of students supervised

Table 5 :
Estimate of continuing professional development time

Table 6 :
Job satisfaction of respondents

Table 7 :
Retention time frames and motivation