Review Article

Recruitment and retention of general practitioners in European medical deserts: a systematic review

AUTHORS

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Julia M Bes
1 MSc

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Linda E Flinterman
2 PhD * ORCID logo

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Ana I González
3 MD, PhD ORCID logo

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Ronald S Batenburg
4 PhD, Professor ORCID logo

AFFILIATIONS

1, 2 Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, The Netherlands

3 Avedis Donabedian Research Institute (FAD), Barcelona, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; and Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain

4 Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Sociology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

ACCEPTED: 21 October 2022


early abstract:

Introduction: Despite policies aiming at universal health coverage by ensuring availability and accessibility of general practitioners (GPs), medically underserved areas are still present in Europe. This systematic review aims to summarize and compare literature on interventions and their potential effectiveness of GP recruitment and retention in these underserved areas (i.e., ‘medical deserts’) from 2011 onwards.
Method: We used PubMed and Embase to identify publications applying a two-stage selection process. All types of study designs, published in the past 10 years, were included if they discussed a possible intervention for GP recruitment or retention covering an underserved area in an EU-27/EEA/EFTA country. Exclusion criteria were the non-availability of abstracts or full-text, conference abstracts, poster presentations, books or overlapping secondary literature. Identified interventions were classified into four categories: ‘education’, ‘professional and personal support’, ‘financial incentives’ and ‘regulation’. Eligible articles were critically appraisal by two authors (JB, LF), independently, by using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist.
Results: Of the 294 publications initially retrieved, 25 publications were included. Of them, 14 (56%) described educational interventions, 13 (52%) professional and personal support, and 11 (40%) financial or regulatory interventions. Overlapping categories were often described (56%). The effectiveness of educational or supportive interventions has mainly been evaluated cross-sectionally, whereby causal inference on future GP availability remains a white spot. We found little and mixed results for the effectiveness of financial and regulatory interventions, as during the study period co-interventions were not taken into account.
Conclusion: In the past 10 years, educational and supportive interventions to improve GP recruitment and retention are most frequently reported, but often overlapping strategies are seen. While multiple strategies have potential to be effective, the limited evaluation make it difficult to provide suggestions for policymakers to adapt their GP recruitment and retention strategies aiming at a best-practice approach in European medical deserts.