The effects of various retention factors on the choice of where rural-origin Umthombo Youth Development Foundation health science graduates work

Introduction: South Africa (SA) has an inequitable distribution of health workers between the public and private sector, with rural areas being historically under-served. As rural background of health workers has been advocated as the strongest predictor of rural practise, the Umthombo Youth Development Foundation (UYDF) invested in recruiting and training rural origin health science students since 1999 as a way of addressing staff shortages at 15 district hospitals in northern KwaZulu-Natal Province (KZN), SA. UYDFs intervention is to support students to overcome their academic, social, and economic challenges and expose them annually to rural health practise. This study investigated the effects of various retention factors on the choice of where rural origin UYDF graduates worked, namely in a rural or urban, public, or private setting.
Methods: An online survey was developed containing questions relevant to the retention of health workers (HWs) and included: personal satisfaction; hospital resources and employment factors; professional development and support; and community integration, as well as the reasons for working where they do. Of the 317 eligible health science graduates invited to participate, 139 (44%) responded. Descriptive statistics were compiled.
Results: Forty-nine percent of graduates were working at a rural public healthcare facility (PHCF), followed by 34% at an urban PHCF, and 11% in the private sector. All the respondents, wherever they worked, reported positively on their work, management support, colleagues, and ability to practise their skills. Graduates working at rural PHCFs reported that patient care was sometimes compromised due to lack of equipment or medicines, with staff shortages being greater than urban PHCFs. All the graduates reported that they had insufficient time to interact with peers regarding difficult cases, while those at rural PHCFs lacked access to senior staff or specialists, compared to those working at urban PHCFs or urban Private practise. Lack of professional development opportunities was reported by graduates at rural PHCFs as a reason they may leave, whilst those at urban PHCFs cited the intention to specialise. Graduates no longer working at a rural hospital, reported that the lack of funded posts at rural PHCFs was the main reason (39%), followed by the desire of doctors to specialise (29.6%). Graduates working at rural PHCFs cite the 'ability to serve their community' and being 'close to family and friends' as the main reason for working where they do, whereas those working at urban PHCFs cite 'good work experience'.
Conclusions: While nearly half of the rural origin UYDF graduates surveyed continue to work in rural areas, this is considerably less than previously reported indicating that rural origin HWs are affected by retention factors. The lack of funded posts at rural PHCFs is a major barrier to the employment and retention of HWs, and to addressing the unequal distribution of HWs between urban and rural PHCFs. This requires commitment from government and other role players to increase the attraction and retention of HWs in rural areas. Focusing on the recruitment of rural students to become HWs, in the absence of adequate retention policies, is insufficient to adequately address shortages of staff at rural PHCFs, as rural origin graduates will move from rural PHCFs to facilities where they can access these benefits.
Keywords: health science graduates, healthcare system, human resources for health, professional development, public healthcare, retention, rural origin health workers, rural healthcare